Dave Brubeck, jazz living legend

David Warren "Dave" Brubeck (born December 6, 1920) is an American jazz pianist. He has written a number of jazz standards, including "In Your Own Sweet Way" and "The Duke". Brubeck's style ranges from refined to bombastic, reflecting his mother's attempts at classical training and his improvisational skills. His music is known for employing unusual time signatures, and superimposing contrasting rhythms, meters, and tonalities.
His long-time musical partner, alto saxophonist Paul Desmond, wrote the Dave Brubeck Quartet's best remembered piece, "Take Five",which is in 5/4 time and has endured as a jazz classic on the top-selling jazz album, Time Out. Brubeck experimented with time signatures throughout his career, recording "Pick Up Sticks" in 6/4, "Unsquare Dance" in 7/4, and "Blue Rondo à la Turk" in 9/8. He is also a respected composer of orchestral and sacred music, and wrote soundtracks for television such as Mr. Broadway and the animated mini-series This Is America, Charlie Brown.
Brubeck was born in Concord, California and grew up in Ione. He is of English (maternal) and Swiss (paternal) ancestry His father, Howard "Pete" Brubeck, was a cattle rancher, and his mother, Elizabeth (née Ivey), who had studied piano in England under Myra Hess and intended to become a concert pianist, taught piano for extra money. Brubeck originally did not intend to become a musician (his two older brothers, Henry and Howard, were already on that track), but took lessons from his mother. He could not read sheet music during these early lessons, attributing this difficulty to poor eyesight, but "faked" his way through, well enough that this deficiency went mostly unnoticed.
Intending to work with his father on their ranch, Brubeck entered the College of the Pacific (now the University of the Pacific) studying veterinary science, but transferred on the urging of the head of zoology, Dr Arnold, who told him "Brubeck, your mind's not here. It's across the lawn in the conservatory. Please go there. Stop wasting my time and yours." Later, Brubeck was nearly expelled when one of his professors discovered that he could not read music. Several of his professors came forward, arguing that his ability with counterpoint and harmony more than compensated. The college was still afraid that it would cause a scandal, and agreed to let Brubeck graduate only after he promised never to teach piano.
After graduating in 1942, Brubeck was drafted into the army and served overseas in George Patton's Third Army. He was spared from service in the Battle of the Bulge when he volunteered to play piano at a Red Cross show; he was such a hit he was ordered to form a band. Thus he created one of the U.S. armed forces' first racially integrated bands, "The Wolfpack". While serving, Brubeck met Paul Desmond in early 1944. He returned to college after serving nearly four years in the army, this time attending Mills College and studying under Darius Milhaud, who encouraged him to study fugue and orchestration, but not classical piano. While on active duty, he received two lessons from Arnold Schoenberg at UCLA in an attempt to connect with High Modernism theory and practice. However, the encounter did not end on good terms since Schoenberg believed that every note should be accounted for, an approach which Brubeck could not accept.
After completing his studies under Milhaud, Brubeck helped to establish Berkeley, California's Fantasy Records. He worked with an octet (the recording bears his name only because Brubeck was the best-known member at the time), and a trio including Cal Tjader and Ron Crotty. Highly experimental, the group made few recordings and got even fewer paying jobs. The trio was often joined by Paul Desmond on the bandstand, at Desmond's prodding.
Following a near-fatal swimming accident which incapacitated him for several months, Brubeck organized The Dave Brubeck Quartet in 1951, with Desmond on saxophone. They took up a long residency at San Francisco's Black Hawk nightclub and gained great popularity touring college campuses, recording a series of albums with such titles as Jazz at Oberlin (1953), Jazz at College of the Pacific (1953), and Brubeck's debut on Columbia Records, Jazz Goes to College (1954). In that same year, he was featured on the cover of Time magazine, the second jazz musician to be so honored (the first was Louis Armstrong on February 21, 1949.
Early bassists for the group included Ron Crotty, Bob Bates, and Bob's brother Norman Bates; Lloyd Davis and Joe Dodge held the drum chair. In 1956, Brubeck hired Joe Morello, who had been working with Marian McPartland; Morello's presence made possible the rhythmic experiments that were to come. In 1958 Eugene Wright joined for the group's U.S. State Department tour of Europe and Asia; Wright would become a permanent member in 1959, making the "classic" Quartet's personnel complete.
Wright is African-American; in the late 1950s and early 1960s Brubeck canceled several concerts because the club owners or hall managers resisted the idea of an integrated band on their stages. He also canceled a television appearance when he found out that the producers intended to keep Wright off-camera.
In 1959, the Dave Brubeck Quartet recorded Time Out, an album their label was enthusiastic about but nonetheless hesitant to release. Featuring the album art of S. Neil Fujita, the album contained all original compositions, almost none of which were in common time: 9/8, 5/4, 3/4, and 6/4 were used. Nonetheless, on the strength of these unusual time signatures (the album included "Take Five", "Blue Rondo à la Turk", and "Three To Get Ready"), it quickly went platinum.
Time Out was followed by several albums with a similar approach, including Time Further Out: Miro Reflections (1961), using more 5/4, 6/4, and 9/8, plus the first attempt at 7/4; Countdown: Time in Outer Space (dedicated to John Glenn) (1962), featuring 11/4 and more 7/4; and Time Changes (1963), with much 3/4, 10/4 (which was really 5+5), and 13/4. These albums were also known for using contemporary paintings as cover art, featuring the work of Joan Miró on Time Further Out, Franz Kline on Time in Outer Space, and Sam Francis on Time Changes.
A high point for the group was their 1963 live album At Carnegie Hall, described by critic Richard Palmer as "arguably Dave Brubeck's greatest concert".
In the early '60s, Brubeck and his wife Iola developed a jazz musical, The Real Ambassadors, based in part on experiences they and their colleagues had during foreign tours on behalf of the U.S. State Department. The soundtrack album, which featured Louis Armstrong, Lambert, Hendricks & Ross, and Carmen McRae was recorded in 1961; the musical itself was performed at the 1962 Monterey Jazz Festival.
At their peak in the early '60s, the Brubeck Quartet was releasing as many as four albums a year. Apart from the 'College' and the 'Time' series, Brubeck recorded four LPs featuring his compositions based on the group's travels, and the local music they encountered. Jazz Impressions of the USA (1956, Morello's debut with the group), Jazz Impressions of Eurasia (1958), Jazz Impressions of Japan (1964), and Jazz Impressions of New York (1964) are less well-known albums, but all are brilliant examples of the quartet's studio work, and they produced Brubeck standards such as "Summer Song," "Brandenburg Gate," "Koto Song," and "Theme From Mr. Broadway." (Brubeck wrote, and the Quartet performed, the theme song for the Craig Stevens CBS drama series; the music from the series became material for the "New York" album.)
In 1961 Dave Brubeck appeared in a few scenes of the British Jazz/Beat film All Night Long, which starred Patrick McGoohan and Richard Attenborough. Brubeck merely plays himself, and his piano playing includes closeups of his fingerings. Brubeck performs "It's a Raggy Waltz" from the Time Further Out album and duets briefly with bassist Charles Mingus in "Non-Sectarian Blues".
In the early 1960s Dave Brubeck was the program director of WJZZ-FM radio (now WEZN). He achieved his vision of an all jazz format radio station along with his friend and neighbor John E. Metts, one of the first African Americans in senior radio management.
The final studio album for Columbia by the Desmond/Wright/Morello quartet was Anything Goes (1966) featuring Cole Porter songs. A few concert recordings followed, and The Last Time We Saw Paris (1967) was the "Classic" Quartet's swansong.
Brubeck's disbanding of the Quartet at the end of 1967 allowed him more time to compose the longer, extended orchestral and choral works that were occupying his attention (to say nothing of Brubeck's desire to spend more time with his family). February 1968 saw the premiere of The Light in the Wilderness for baritone solo, choir, organ, the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel, and Brubeck improvising on certain themes within. The piece is an oratorio on Jesus's teachings. The next year, Brubeck produced The Gates of Justice, a cantata mixing Biblical scripture with the words of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Further works followed, including the 1971 cantata Truth Is Fallen (now re-issued on CD by Collectables Records [1]), written in protest of the Vietnam War, and also dedicated to the memory of the Kent State shootings and Jackson State killings of May 1970. The work was premiered in Midland, Michigan on May 1, 1971 and released on LP in 1972.
Brubeck's jazz playing did not cease. He was quickly prevailed upon by Newport Jazz Festival producer George Wein to tour with Gerry Mulligan. A Brubeck "Trio" was soon formed: Jack Six on bass, and Alan Dawson on drums. From 1968 until 1973, The Dave Brubeck Trio featuring Gerry Mulligan performed extensively, releasing several concert albums (including one with guest Desmond) and one studio album.
In 1973 Brubeck formed another group with three of his sons, Darius on keyboards, Dan on drums, and Chris on electric bass or bass trombone. This group often included Perry Robinson, clarinet, and Jerry Bergonzi, saxophone. Brubeck would record and tour with this "Two Generations of Brubeck" group until 1978.
Brubeck and Desmond recorded an album of duets in 1975, then the Classic Quartet reassembled for a 25th anniversary reunion in 1976. Desmond died in 1977.
Brubeck's Quartet has remained vital, a primary creative outlet for the pianist. Bergonzi became a member and remained with the band until 1982. This version featured Chris Brubeck, and Randy Jones on drums. Jones joined in 1979 and is still with the band after over 30 years. Replacing Bergonzi was Brubeck's old friend Bill Smith, who knew Brubeck at Mills College and was a member of Brubeck's Octet in the late 1940s; he remained in the group through the '80s and recorded with it off and on until 1995. The best recording of this Smith/Brubeck/Jones Quartet is probably their remarkable Moscow Night concert of 1987, released on Concord Records.
The Quartet currently includes alto saxophonist and flautist Bobby Militello, bassist Michael Moore (who replaced Alec Dankworth), and Randy Jones.
In 1994, Brubeck was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame.
Brubeck continues to write new works, including orchestral and ballet scores. He has worked extensively with the London Symphony Orchestra and tours about 80 cities each year.
At the 49th Monterey Jazz Festival in September 2006, Brubeck debuted his commissioned work, Cannery Row Suite, a jazz opera drawn from the characters in John Steinbeck's American classic writing about Monterey's roots as a sardine fishing and packing town. Iola (née Whitlock), Brubeck's wife since 1942, is his personal secretary, manager and lyricist, and co-authored the Cannery Row Suite with Dave. His performance of this as well as a number of jazz standards with his current quartet was the buzz of the Festival (an event Brubeck helped launch in 1958).
Because of his advancing years, Brubeck's touring has naturally decreased in activity. He announced at the end of 2008 that he would no longer tour internationally. On April 3, 2009, Brubeck was scheduled to play the album Time Out in its entirety to commemorate its 50th anniversary at the annual Brubeck Festival, but was not able to because of being in hospital with a viral infection. His son Darius filled in on piano with the rest of his quartet. A scheduled October, 2010 concert in St. Louis, MO was canceled after Brubeck's doctors advised against traveling and performing. He had a heart problem and was experiencing fatigue and dizziness. His doctors installed a pacemaker in his heart. His surgery was doing so well that his doctors said that he could resume his concert touring in November. He performed sold out shows at the Blue Note in New York City on Thanksgiving weekend, 2010, celebrating his 90th birthday.

Succes 2011: Gary Player aka Black Knight, one of the greatest players in the history of golf. Inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974. Has won 165 tournaments on six continents over six decades.

Gary Player is a South African professional golfer. With his nine major championship victories, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of golf. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974. Player has won 165 tournaments on six continents over six decades.

Player was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. He has logged more than 15 million miles in travel, which is claimed to be more than any other athlete. Nicknamed the Black Knight, Mr. Fitness, and the International Ambassador of Golf, Player is also a renowned golf course architect with more than 300 design projects throughout the world. He has also written several golf books.

His business interests are represented by Black Knight International, which includes Gary Player Design, Player Real Estate, and Black Knight Enterprises, aspects of which include licensing, events, publishing, wine, apparel and memorabilia.

The Gary Player Stud Farm has received worldwide acclaim for breeding top thoroughbred race horses, including 1994 Epsom Derby entry Broadway Flyer. He operates The Player Foundation, which has a primary objective of promoting underprivileged education around the world.

In 1983, The Player Foundation established the Blair Atholl Schools in Johannesburg, South Africa, which has educational facilities for more than 500 students from kindergarten through eighth grade. In 2008 it celebrated its 25th Anniversary with charity golf events in London, Palm Beach, Shanghai and Cape Town, bringing its total of funds raised to over US $35 million.

Player is one of the most successful golfers in the history of the sport, ranking third (behind Roberto de Vicenzo and Sam Snead) in total professional wins, with at least 166, and tied for fourth in major championship victories with nine. Along with Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus he is often referred to as one of "The Big Three" golfers of his era – from the late 1950s through the late 1970s – when golf boomed in the United States and around the world, greatly encouraged by expanded television coverage. Along with Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods, he is one of only five players to win golf’s "career Grand Slam". He completed the Grand Slam in 1965 at the age of twenty-nine. Player was the second multi-time majors winner from South Africa, following Bobby Locke, then was

Player played regularly on the U.S. based PGA Tour from the late 1950s. He led the money list in 1961, and went on to accumulate 24 career titles. He also played an exceptionally busy schedule all over the world, and he has been called the world's most traveled athlete, clocking up more than 15 million miles. He has more victories than anyone else in the South African Open (13) and the Australian Open (7). He held the record for most victories in the World Match Play Championship, with five wins, from 1973 until 1991 when this feat was equaled by Seve Ballesteros, finally losing his share of the record in 2004, when Ernie Els won the event for a sixth time. Player was ever-present in the top ten of Mark McCormack's world golf rankings from their inception in 1968 until 1981; he was ranked second on those rankings in 1969, 1970 and 1972, each time behind Jack Nicklaus, and had those rankings been based on just the most recent two seasons (like their modern counterpart), Player would have been number one several times.

He was the only player in the 20th century to win the British Open in three different decades. His first win, as a 23-year-old in 1959 at Muirfield, came after he double-bogeyed the last hole, and broke down in tears thinking he had lost his chance, but none of the remaining players on the course could match the clubhouse lead he had set. In 1974, he became one of the few golfers in history to win two major championships in the same season. Player last won the U.S. Masters in 1978, when he started seven strokes behind the leaders entering the final round, and won by one shot with birdies at seven of the last 10 holes for a back nine 30 and a final round 64. One week later, Player came from seven strokes back in the final round to win the Tournament of Champions. In 1984, at the age of 48, Player nearly became the oldest ever major champion, finishing just behind Lee Trevino at the PGA Championship. And in gusty winds at the 1998 Masters, he became the oldest golfer ever to make to the cut, breaking the 25-year-old record set by Sam Snead. Player credited this feat to his dedication to the concept of diet, health, practise and golf fitness.

Being South African, Player never played in the Ryder Cup in which American and European golfers compete against each other. Regarding the event, Player remarked, "The things I have seen in the Ryder Cup have disappointed me. You are hearing about hatred and war." He was no longer an eligible player when the Presidents Cup was established to give international players the opportunity to compete in a similar event, but he was non-playing captain of the International Team for the Presidents Cup in 2003, which was held on a course he designed, The Links at Fancourt, in George, South Africa. After 2003 ended in a tie, he was reappointed as captain for the 2005 Presidents Cup, and his team lost to the Americans 15.5 to 18.5. Both Player and Jack Nicklaus were appointed to captain their respective teams again in 2007 in Canada; the United States won.

In 2000 he was voted "Sportsman of the Century" in South Africa. In 1966, Gary Player was awarded the Bob Jones Award, the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974. The "Gary Player – A Global Journey" exhibition was launched by the Hall of Fame as of March, 2006.

In 2000, Player was ranked as the eighth greatest golfer of all time by Golf Digest magazine.

In 2002, Player was voted as the second greatest global golfer of all time by a panel of international media, golf magazines and fellow professionals conducted by the leading Golf Asia Magazine.

On 10 April 2009, he played for the last time in The Masters, where he was playing for his record 52nd time. He was the last of The Big Three (Nicklaus, Player & Palmer) to retire from this tournament, a testament to his longevity.

On 23 July 2009, at the age of 73, Player competed in the Senior British Open Championship at Sunningdale Golf Club, 53 years after capturing his maiden European Tour victory at the Berkshire venue.

Succes 2011: Robert F. Curl Jr, laureat al Premiului Nobel pentru Chimie (1996). A Superstar of Science

Robert Floyd Curl, Jr. (born August 23, 1933) the son of a Methodist Minister is a graduate of Thomas Jefferson High School in San Antonio, Texas and is an emeritus professor of chemistry at Rice University.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for the discovery of fullerene (with the late Richard Smalley, also of Rice University, and Harold Kroto of the University of Sussex).


Born in Alice, Texas, United States, Curl received a B.A. from Rice Institute in 1954 and a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1957.

Professor Curl's current research interests involve physical chemistry, developing DNA genotyping and sequencing instrumentation, and creating quantum cascade laser-based mid-infrared trace gas monitoring instrumentation.

Curl often attended the German table at Hanszen College at Rice University. However, he is more known in the residential college life at Rice University for being the first master of Lovett College.

Dumitru Prunariu, primul - și ultimul :) - cosmonaut român

Dumitru Dorin Prunariu (n. 27 septembrie 1952, Brașov) este primul cosmonaut român. La 14 mai 1981 a devenit primul și singurul român care a zburat vreodată în spațiul cosmic. A participat la misiunea Soiuz 40 din cadrul programului spațial „Intercosmos” și a petrecut în spațiu 7 zile, 20 de ore și 42 de minute. Este de profesie inginer aeronautic. A fost pe rând ofițer inginer în cadrul Comandamentului Aviației Militare, șef al Aviației civile române, președinte al Agenției Spațiale Române, ambasador al României în Federația Rusă, președintele Consiliului de ne-militarizare a spațiului cosmic din cadrul ONU. În prezent are gradul de general maior (cu 2 stele) în rezervă.

Născut în orașul Brașov la 27 septembrie 1952, Dumitru Prunariu a absolvit Liceul de Matematică-Fizică nr.1 din orașul natal în anul 1971. Tatăl său era de profesie inginer, iar mama cadru didactic la o școală generală. Pasiunea lui Prunariu pentru zbor s-a manifestat încă din copilărie.

Micul Prunariu și-a început calea spre stele de la cercul de aeromodelism de la Casa pionierilor din Brașov, unde construia modele de planoare și de avioane, visând să devină constructor de aparate de zbor. Avea 17 ani când a dobândit premiul republican la Concursul de creații tehnice „Minitehnicus”. Cu această ocazie a primit carnetul de membru Minitehnicus nr. 103. 11 ani mai târziu avea să devină cel de-al 103-lea pământean care a ajuns în Cosmos.

A absolvit Facultatea de Inginerie Aerospațială din cadrul Universității "Politehnica" din București în anul 1976 cu specializarea inginerie aeronautică. După finalizarea studiilor universitare, a lucrat ca inginer stagiar la Întreprinderea de Construcții Aeronautice (IAR) din Ghimbav (județul Brașov), între anii 1976-1977. Ulterior, în cartea „La cinci minute după cosmos”, scrisă împreună cu ziaristul Alexandru Stark, Prunariu avea să spună că dacă nu ar fi fost cooptat în detașamentul cosmonauților, ar fi construit la uzină, împreună cu soția, elicopterele și avioanele atât de râvnite în copilărie.

În anul 1974 s-a căsătorit cu Crina Rodica Prunariu, cu care a fost coleg de facultate, actualmente diplomat în cadrul Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fiind din 2007 ambasadorul României în Armenia. În 1975 s-a născut primul lor fiu, Radu-Cătălin, iar în 1977 al doilea fiu, Ovidiu-Daniel.

În mai 1977, au început să se facă selecționări pentru programul de zboruri cosmice Intercosmos , inițiat de către URSS și adresat țărilor aliate socialiste. Inițial, pentru detașamentul cosmonauților s-au oferit voluntar peste 150 de candidați, majoritatea fiind piloți de avioane supersonice și ingineri. "Programul „Intercosmos” era un program cosmic bine definit, care avea prevederi foarte clare și o evoluție bine precizată: de la experimente care au fost efectuate în regim automat la bordul diferitelor rachete de mare altitudine sau nave cosmice sovietice, până la experimente complexe efectuate de cosmonauți."

În timpul stagiului militar efectuat în cadrul Școlii de ofițeri de rezervă aviație de la Bacău, în mai 1977, comandantul de atunci al unității militare, locotenentul-colonel Ioan Săndulescu Stahie (cel care avea să devină mai târziu general-comandor de aviație și să îndeplinească funcția de comandant al Aviației și Apărării Antiaeriene a Teritoriului până în 1997), a intrat la curs și i-a anunțat pe inginerii militari TR că se fac selecționări pentru programul Intercosmos. 17 dintre ei au acceptat. După efectuarea testelor medicale la București, toți 17 au fost respinși. Motivul respingerii lui Prunariu a fost faptul că la probele de efort, pe fondul unei gripe de moment, i se depistaseră perturbații ale parametrilor inimii. La două luni după respingere, dosarele a cinci candidați între care și Prunariu au fost reluate, acesta reușind de data aceasta să treacă cu succes de toate probele. Din toate grupele de selecție au rămas in acea fază șapte candidați, doi au renunțat din motive personale, iar încă doi au fost eliminați după o pregătire inițială și ultimele faze de testare efectuate în țară.

Dumitru Prunariu finalizează, în septembrie 1977, cursurile Școlii de ofițeri de rezervă aviație din Bacău, cu gradul de sublocotenent în rezervă.

În toamna anului 1977, candidații cosmonauți au fost detașați de la locurile lor de muncă la unitatea militară de aviație de la Bacău, fiind incluși într-un program de pregătire multidisciplinar. Pregătirea a cuprins o serie de cursuri de pregătire teoretică efectuate la Academia Militară din București, câteva zeci de ore de zbor pe avioane MIG 15 efectuate la Bacău și educație fizică și cursuri de limba rusă efectuate la Poiana Brașov. Ofițerul responsabil cu pregătirea fizică primise ordin ca în două luni să scoată din inginerii candidați cosmonauți sportivi de performanță. Pe fondul unor exagerări în solicitările la efort fizic fără perioade adecvate de recuperare, în caracterizarea lui Prunariu s-a scris: "oarecare lipsă de voință în pregătirea fizică“. La data de 1 ianuarie 1978, erau totuși selecționați trei candidați ca membri ai grupului de pregătire a cosmonauților din cadrul Misiunii Spațiale Româno-Sovietice Intercosmos. Cei trei candidați erau ing. Dumitru-Dorin Prunariu, ing. Cristian Guran și căpitanul ing. Mitică Dediu. Înainte de zborul cosmic lui Dediu i s-a schimbat oficial prenumele din Mitică în Dumitru, iar referitor la Dumitru-Dorin Prunariu s-a decis ca în presă să apară doar cu prenumele Dumitru.

Aceștia trei au plecat la Moscova pentru a fi supuși unei evaluări finale de către specialiștii ruși din cadrul Institutului de Cercetări Biomedicale în domeniul aviației și cosmonauticii. Dumitru Dediu era cu 10 ani mai în vârstă decât Prunariu și cu 9 decât Guran și după regulile militare era considerat drept favorit. După testele de la Moscova, Cristian Guran (foarte bine pregătit profesional) a fost eliminat din echipa de potențiali cosmonauți români din cauza unor probleme ale aparatului vestibular.

În cele din urmă, Prunariu și Dediu au fost aleși să efectueze programul întreg de pregătire pentru a deveni cosmonauți. „Condiția mea fizică, adică sportivă, lăsa de dorit. S-a îmbunătățit abia la ruși. Medical, trecuserăm de toate testele”, spune Dumitru Prunariu. Dumitru Dediu, însă, chiar dacă nu avea cele mai bune performanțe la capitolul științific, excela fizic și medical.

Timp de trei ani, în perioada martie 1978-mai 1981, Prunariu și Dediu au urmat o pregătire de specialitate în calitate de candidați cosmonauți la Centrul de Pregătire a Cosmonauților "Iuri Gagarin" din Zviozdnîi Gorodok - „Orășelul Stelar” (aflat în apropiere de Moscova).

A doua grupă Intercosmos care a început pregătirea în martie 1978 în "Orășelul Stelar" a constat din câte doi candidați din cinci țări: Bulgaria, Ungaria, Cuba, Mongolia și România. În acea perioadă zburau deja în cosmos reprezentanții primei grupe Intercosmos, formată din Cehoslovacia, Polonia și Germania Democrată. După un an, pe motive politice, rușii au adus în pregătire și candidați din Vietnam, incluși în a doua grupă Intercosmos. Toți candidații cosmonauți străini au locuit în „Orășelul Stelar” împreună cu familia, condiție impusă de partea rusă, ceea ce a fost un fapt benefic pentru toți, familia având ocazia să-și susțină moral candidatul, să învețe limba și să se integreze mediului de acolo.

La 12 mai 1981, Dumitru Prunariu a fost confirmat în mod oficial ca primul nominalizat în cadrul zborului spațial româno-sovietic, alături de cosmonautul sovietic colonel Leonid Popov - comandant de echipaj. Acesta era un cosmonaut experimentat și mai efectuase un zbor cu o durată de 186 de zile, la bordul stației cosmice „Saliut-6". Cosmonautul român Dumitru Dediu și cosmonautul sovietic Iuri Romanenko au fost numiți ca membri ai echipajului de rezervă. Dumitru Dediu a primit vestea cu resemnare, mai ales că aceasta a venit chiar în ziua lui de naștere: "Nu a fost ușor - recunoaște el - dar asta-i soarta, știam de la început că numai unul dintre noi va zbura". Dintre toți candidații din programul Intercosmos, Prunariu a fost singurul cosmonaut care a obținut la examenele și testările finale calificative maxime, în contradicție cu Dediu care a trebuit să repete unele examene pentru a putea fi declarat calificat măcar în echipajul de rezervă.

„Pentru mine, scopul întregii pregătiri l-a constituit zborul cosmic, așa cum era și normal. În toată perioada de pregătire nu m-am gândit niciodată ce va urma după aceea”, afirmă Dumitru Prunariu.

După avaria majoră care a întrerupt în 1979 zborul primului cosmonaut bulgar, întregul program Intercosmos a fost decalat cu un an. Față de această amânare, decolarea rachetei Soiuz-40 a fost amânată și ea cu câteva zile față de data planificată din cauza unor defecțiuni descoperite înainte de ridicarea pe rampa de lansare.

Cu aproape trei saptămâni înainte de lansare cele două echipaje, principal și de rezervă, au fost aduse din Orășelul Stelar de lângă Moscova la cosmodromul Baikonur din Kazahstan, unde au continuat pregătirea în vederea lansării.

Spre seara zilei de 14 mai 1981, un autobuz special i-a adus pe cei doi cosmonauți din echipajul principal, echipați pentru zbor, către Platforma 17 de la cosmodromul Baikonur: colonelul sovietic Leonid Popov, cel care cu un an în urmă realizase recordul de durată în spațiul extraterestru de 185 de zile, și locotenentul major inginer Dumitru Prunariu. Cu două ore înainte de start echipajul a ocupat poziția de lansare în capsula navei cosmice aflată în vârful rachetei purtătoare, efectuând până la lansarea propriu-zisă o serie de teste ale aparaturii și sistemelor navei. La ora 20 16’ 38” (ora Bucureștiului), de pe cosmodromul Baikonur, a fost lansată racheta purtătoare cu nava cosmică Soiuz-40 (în greutate totală de 300 tone), având la bord echipajul mixt româno-sovietic format din locotenentul major pilot ing. Dumitru Prunariu și colonelul cosmonaut Leonid Ivanovici Popov. După 8 minute și 50 de secunde nava cosmică se desprindea de ultima treaptă a rachetei purtătoare, aflânduse deja la 220 km altitudine, aprox. 3000 km de punctul de lansare și deplasându-se în jurul Pământului cu o viteză de 28000 km/h pe o orbită înclinată față de ecuator cu 51,6o. Prunariu a devenit astfel primul român din istorie care a zburat în spațiu. Conform planificării zborurilor Intercosmos zborul avea să dureze aproape 8 zile, între 14 mai - 22 mai 1981.

Decolarea a decurs fără probleme. După înscrierea pe orbita circumterestră, verificarea parametrilor tehnici ai navei în condiții reale de zbor și efectuarea primei manevre orbitale de ridicare a orbitei, care au durat până la ora 4 dimineața a zilei următoare, cei doi cosmonauți au avut permisiunea să dezbrace costumele de scafandru cosmic, să treacă în modulul orbital și să se odihnească. S-au trezit a doua zi la ora 12, și după ce au mâncat, au efectuat a doua manevră de ridicare și corecție a orbitei navei cosmice în vederea începerii manevrelor de cuplare cu stația orbitală Saliut-6. În momentul cuplării, Soiuz-40 avea o viteză relativă față de stație de 0,3 m/s. "Îi auzim foarte bine pe vecini, echipajul Kovalionok și Savinîh, care se află în cosmos din luna martie“.

La 15 mai, nava cosmică Soiuz-40 se cuplează la complexul orbital Saliut 6 – Soiuz T-4. Momentul cuplării a fost imortalizat pe film din interiorul stației orbitale. Primul care a trecut prin deschizătura trapelor deschise ale celor două obiecte cosmice, a fost Prunariu.

Au petrecut șapte zile pe stația orbitală Saliut 6. Acolo, cei doi cosmonauți s-au întâlnit cu cosmonauții sovietici Vladimir Kovalionok și Victor Savinîh, care se aflau deja pe orbita circumterestră din data de 21 martie 1981.

Pentru o săptămână au lucrat împreună, realizând 22 de experimente științifice, printre care cele denumite „Capilar”, „Biodoza”, „Astro” sau „Nanobalanța”. Biodoza, de exemplu, a fost legat de studiul câmpului magnetic al Pământului și influența lui asupra organismelor vii. Marea majoritate a experimentelor efectuate au fost de concepție românească, iar aparatura realizată în România pentru acest scop s-a remarcat printr-un grad înalt de miniaturizare, fiabilitate și consum redus de energie, funcționând ireproșabil. Acestea au avut drept scop obținerea de informații deosebit de prețioase pentru lărgirea cunoștințelor în domeniul astrofizicii, fizicii nucleare și tehnologiei cosmice, iar experimentele biomedicale contribuie la completarea cunoștințelor existente privind comportarea organismului uman în condițiile specifice zborului cosmic, cât și la progresul cercetărilor fundamentale în domeniul medicinei aeronautice și al biologiei. Rezultatele obținute au fost utilizate pentru pregătirea zborurilor care au urmat.

Complexul cosmic cu echipajele la bord trecea de la noapte la zi și invers de 16 ori în 24 de ore. Tot de atâtea ori în exteriorul aparatelor cosmice se produceau variații de temperatură de aproape 300 grade Celsius (+150 de grade în zonele radiate de Soare și -150 de grade în timpul trecerii prin umbra Pământului). Prunariu ajunsese la performanța de a se îmbrăca în imponderabilitate în costumul de scafandru cosmic care avea 13 kilograme în timpul record de 7 minute. Acesta a înconjurat Pământul de 125 de ori, parcurgând 5.260.000 km, cu viteza de 28.500 km/oră, în 7 zile, 20 de ore, 42 de minute și 52 de secunde.

Pe la ora 19,30-20,00 treceam zilnic pe deasupra României. De acolo, de sus, România se vedea de mărimea unei pâini rumene de casă.

Ca și alți cosmonauți, datorită modificărilor care apar în organismul uman în imponderabilitate, Dumitru Prunariu a avut printre altele dureri de coloană în regiunea lombară aproape pe tot parcursul zborului cosmic. "Mă trezeam aproape regulat pe la 5 - 5,30 dimineața de durere și simțeam nevoia imediată de a mă mișca. În timpul liber, cam o oră și jumătate pe zi mă uitam prin hublourile stației cosmice admirând frumusețile Pământului. Spuneam că mergem "la plajă" pentru că Soarele "bronza" (vezi ardea) rapid și puternic. Televiziunea română ne pregătise și ea un program artistic pe niște benzi de video aflat atunci în fază primitivă, dar nu am apucat să vedem prea mult din el. Uneori udam ceapa verde, "plantată" în cârpe umede".

Programul de cercetare fiind încheiat, a avut loc revenirea din spațiul cosmic în data de vineri, 22 mai 1981, la ora 16,58, ora României. Capsula de coborâre a navei spațiale „Soiuz 40“ (2/3 din navă nu se recuperează) a aterizat în condiții aproape normale pe pământ, conform programului, în zona stabilită de pe teritoriul Uniunii Sovietice, la 225 kilometri sud-est de orașul Djezkazgan, din stepa Kazahstanului. Aterizarea a fost cu unele peripeții, parașuta deschizându-se cu 4 secunde întârziere, la mai puțin de 9.600 km cum era prevăzut, ceea ce a prilejuit tuturor mari emoții. Descriind momentele de imediat după aterizare, Prunariu relatează: "Trecerea la greutatea normală a fost cumplită. Mă trezesc luat pe sus de patru membri ai echipei de căutare și sunt așezat lângă Popov care stătea pe un șezlong. Am impresia că sunt de plumb și că pământul se clatină sub mine. La cinci minute după cosmos, ca o mângâiere, aud vorbindu-se românește“, mărturisea cosmonautul, referindu-se la Alexandru Stark, reporterul acreditat să relateze evenimentul. Așa amețit cum era, ajutat de ceilalți oficiali, Prunariu s-a îndreptat spre capsulă să semneze pe ea, conform obiceiului.

Misiunea a durat 7 zile, 20 de ore, 42 de minute și 52 de secunde, după un parcurs circumterestru de 5.260.000 de kilometri.

La momentul zborului, Dumitru Prunariu a fost cel de-al 103-lea cosmonaut al lumii; de atunci numărul cosmonauților a crescut la peste 450. Acest zbor de importanță epocală pentru România a situat-o în clubul select al țărilor participante direct la explorarea Universului și totodată atestă tradiția contribuțiilor marilor înaintași români la zborul omului printre stele.

Pentru realizarea cu succes a zborului cosmic, atât Prunariu, cât și Popov au fost decorați cu cele mai înalte ordine ale României și URSS. Din punct de vedere material, pentru realizarea sa istorică, Dumitru Prunariu a primit ca recompensă echivalentul a trei salarii sub formă de primă, acordată de ministrul apărării și a fost înaintat cu un an inainte de termen la gradul de căpitan. Autorităților de atunci le-a fost frică să nu fie refuzate de Ceaușescu în cazul în care ar face și alte propuneri de recompensare. În aceste condiții, trebuind să se mute cu familia în București unde a primit un post în cadrul Comandamentului Aviației Militare, Prunariu a fost obligat să locuiască jumătate de an la un cămin militar până să obțină o locuință, făcând apoi numeroase împrumuturi pentru a-și aranja apartamentul obținut și pentru stabilirea definitivă cu familia în capitala țării.

Dan Petrescu - perioada Southampton

Daniel Vasile Petrescu (born 22 December 1967 in Bucharest) is a Romanian football manager and former player, currently the manager of Kuban Krasnodar in the Russian Premier League.

He is famous for having played for Steaua Bucureşti in the 1989 Champions League Final and winning the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Super Cup with FA Premier League club Chelsea. Petrescu also received 95 international caps for the Romanian national side.

After playing for Steaua Bucureşti's youth teams, Dan Petrescu was promoted into the first team in 1986 in a game played by Steaua just one month after winning the European Cup. Petrescu was loaned to FC Olt for the 1986–87 season, but asked to come back to Steaua Bucureşti in 1987.

He was an important part of the team which reached the semifinals of the European Cup in 1988 and the final in 1989. Also in 1989 he played for the Romanian national team for the first time, but missed the World Cup of the following year due to an injury.

In 1991 he was bought by Foggia of Italy, in a period when the club saw promotion to Serie A. In 1993 he moved to Genoa.

Petrescu signed for Sheffield Wednesday in 1994 from Genoa, after a successful World Cup for Romania. After one season at Hillsborough he signed for Chelsea and featured prominently there for the next five years. During his term at Chelsea, he was a member of the teams which won the FA Cup in 1997 and the League Cup and Cup Winners' Cup (both in 1998). After falling out with Chelsea manager Gianluca Vialli after a defeat to Manchester United, Petrescu never played for the club again and was not even selected as a substitute for the 2000 FA Cup Final against Aston Villa. Turning down a move to Southampton in August 2000, he instead moved to Bradford City for £1 million, scoring once against West Ham.

In January 2001, Petrescu's former Chelsea manager, Glenn Hoddle eventually persuaded him to join Southampton for a "nominal" fee. He initially settled in well at The Dell, scoring against Leicester and Manchester City in his first few matches. In March, Hoddle left "the Saints" to take up the managerial reins at Tottenham Hotspur and his replacement Stuart Gray dropped Petrescu, replacing him with Hassan Kachloul for the rest of the season. After making only two substitute appearances in the 2001–02 season, Petrescu was released and returned to Romania.

Easy Rider : Jack Nicholson & Peter Fonda

Easy Rider is a 1969 American road movie written by Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper, and Terry Southern, produced by Fonda and directed by Hopper. It tells the story of two bikers (played by Fonda and Hopper) who travel through the American Southwest and South with the aim of achieving freedom. The success of Easy Rider helped spark the New Hollywood phase of filmmaking during the late sixties. The film was added to the Library of Congress National Registry in 1998.

A landmark counterculture film, and a "touchstone for a generation" that "captured the national imagination," Easy Rider explores the societal landscape, issues, and tensions in the United States during the 1960s, such as the rise and fall of the hippie movement, drug use, and communal lifestyle. Easy Rider is famous for its use of real drugs in its portrayal of marijuana and other substances.

The protagonists are two freewheeling hippies: Wyatt, nicknamed "Captain America" (Fonda), and Billy (Hopper). Fonda and Hopper said that these characters' names refer to Wyatt Earp and Billy the Kid. Wyatt dresses in American flag-adorned leather, while Billy dresses in Native American-style buckskin pants and shirts and a bushman hat.

After smuggling cocaine from Mexico to Los Angeles, Wyatt and Billy sell their contraband to "Connection," a man (played by Phil Spector) in a Rolls-Royce and score a large sum of money. With the money from the sale stuffed into a plastic tube hidden inside the Stars & Stripes-adorned fuel tank of Wyatt's California-style chopper, they ride eastward in an attempt to reach New Orleans, Louisiana, in time for Mardi Gras.

During their trip, Wyatt and Billy meet and have a meal with a rancher, whom Wyatt admires for his simple, traditional farming lifestyle. Later, the duo pick up a hitch-hiker (Luke Askew) and agree to take him to his commune, where they stay for a day. Life in the commune appears to be hard, with hippies from the city finding it difficult to grow their own crops in a dry climate with poor soil. (One of the children seen in the commune is played by Fonda's four-year-old daughter Bridget.) At one point, the bikers witness a prayer for blessing of the new crop, as put by a communard: A chance "to make a stand," and to plant "simple food, for our simple taste." The commune is also host to a traveling theater group that "sings for its supper" (performs for food). The notion of "free love" appears to be practiced, with two women seemingly sharing the affections of the hitch-hiking communard, and who then turn their attention to Wyatt and Billy. As the bikers leave, the hitch-hiker (known only as "Stranger on highway" in the credits) gives Wyatt some LSD for him to share with "the right people."

While jokingly riding along with a parade in a small town, the pair are arrested by the local authorities for "parading without a permit" and thrown in jail. In jail, they befriend ACLU lawyer and local drunk George Hanson (Jack Nicholson). George helps them get out of jail, and decides to travel with Wyatt and Billy to New Orleans. As they camp that night, Wyatt and Billy introduce George to marijuana. As an alcoholic and a "square," George is reluctant to try the marijuana ("It leads to harder stuff", and "I don't want to get hooked"), but he quickly relents.
George Hanson (Jack Nicholson) with Wyatt (Peter Fonda)

While attempting to eat in a small rural Louisiana restaurant, the trio's appearance attracts the attention of the locals. The girls in the restaurant want to meet the men and ride with them, but the local men and police officer make mocking, racist, and homophobic remarks. One of the men menacingly states, "I don't believe they'll make the parish line." Wyatt, Billy, and George leave without eating and make camp outside of town. The events of the day cause George to comment: "This used to be a hell of a good country. I can't understand what's gone wrong with it." He observes that Americans talk a lot about the value of freedom, but are actually afraid of anyone who truly exhibits it.

In the middle of the night, the local men return and brutally beat the trio with baseball bats while they are sleeping. Billy luckily manages to scare the men off by pulling a switchblade on them. Wyatt and Billy suffer minor injuries, but George is killed by a machete strike to the neck. Wyatt and Billy wrap George's body up in his sleeping bag, gather his belongings, and vow to return the items to his parents.

They continue to New Orleans and find the brothel George had intended to visit. Taking prostitutes Karen (Karen Black) and Mary (Toni Basil) with them, Wyatt and Billy decide to go outside and wander the parade-filled street of the Mardi Gras celebration. They end up in a cemetery, where all four ingest LSD. They experience a psychedelic bad trip infused with Catholic prayer, represented through quick edits, sound effects, and over-exposed film.
Peter Fonda's American Flag Patch, sold for $89,625 in 2007.

Making camp afterward, Wyatt declares: "We blew it." Wyatt realizes that their search for freedom, while financially successful,[clarification needed] was a spiritual failure. The next morning, the two are continuing their trip to Florida (where they hope to retire wealthy) when two Rednecks in a pickup truck spot them and decide to "scare the hell out of them" with their shotgun. As they pull alongside Billy, one of the men lazily aims the shotgun at him and threatens and insults him by saying "Want me to blow your brains out?" and "Why don't you get a haircut?" When Billy flips his middle finger up at them, the hillbilly fires the shotgun at Billy who immediately hits the pavement, seriously wounded in the side. As the truck then takes off past Wyatt down the road, Wyatt turns around and races back to put his jacket over his fatally injured friend already covered in blood before riding off for help. But by this time, the same pickup truck has turned around and closes on Wyatt. Not wanting any witnesses to report them to the police, the hillbilly fires at Wyatt as he speeds by the pickup, hitting the bike's gas tank and causing it to instantly erupt into a fiery explosion. Wyatt lands by the side of the road, dead. As the murderous hillbillies drive away, the film ends with a shot of the flaming bike in the middle of the deserted road, as the camera ascends to the sky. The duo's journey has ended.

Succes 2011: Victor Wooten, american bass player, composer, author, and producer. Owner of five Grammy Awards

Victor Lemonte Wooten (born September 11, 1964) is an American bass player, composer, author, and producer, and has been the recipient of five Grammy Awards.

Wooten has won the "Bass Player of the Year" award from Bass Player magazine three times in a row, and was the first person to win the award more than once. In addition to a solo career and collaborations with various artists, Wooten has been the bassist for Béla Fleck and the Flecktones since the group's formation in 1988.

In 2008, Wooten joined Stanley Clarke and Marcus Miller to record an album. The trio of bassists, under the name SMV, released Thunder in August 2008 and began a supporting tour the same month.

Wooten was also a judge for the 4th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.

Wooten is most often seen playing Fodera basses, of which he has a signature model. His most famous Fodera, a 1983 Monarch Deluxe which he refers to as "number 1", sports a Kahler Tremolo System model 2400 bridge. Fodera's "Yin Yang" basses (designed/created for Wooten) incorporate the Yin Yang symbol - which Wooten often uses in various media - as a main focal point of the top's design and construction. It is often mistakenly thought that the Yin Yang symbol is painted onto the bass, but in reality, the symbol is created from two pieces of naturally finished wood (Ebony and Holly, for example), fitted together to create the Yin-Yang pattern.

Though Wooten's basses receive much attention, his most frequent and consistent response when asked by his fans about his equipment (or equipment in general) is that "the instrument doesn't make the music ... you do". He'll often go on to state that the most important features to look for in a bass are comfort and playability. During a question and answer session at a 1998 concert, Wooten stated that "If you take a newborn baby and put them on the instrument, they're going to get sounds out of it that I can't get out of it, so we're all the best." This philosophy seems closely related to Wooten's approach to music in general, which is that music is a language. According to Wooten, while speaking or listening, one doesn't focus on the mouth as it is forming words; similarly, when a musician is playing or performing the focus shouldn't be on the instrument.

As well as playing electric bass (both fretted and fretless) and the double bass, Victor also played the cello in high school. He still plays cello occasionally with the Flecktones. This is the instrument to which he attributes his musical training.

Succes 2011: Garry Kasparov, the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion. The first world chess champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when he lost to Deep Blue in 1997

Two signed photos received after email request.
Garry Kimovich Kasparov, born Garry Kimovich Weinstein, 13 April 1963, Baku, Azerbaijan) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) chess grandmaster, a former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist, generally considered to be the greatest Chess player of all time.

Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. He is also widely known for being the first world chess champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when he lost to Deep Blue in 1997.

Kasparov's ratings achievements include being rated world #1 according to Elo rating almost continuously from 1986 until his retirement in 2005 and holding the all-time highest rating of 2851. He was the world number-one ranked player for 255 months, by far the most of all-time and nearly three times as long as his closest rival, Anatoly Karpov. He also holds records for consecutive tournament victories and Chess Oscars.

From 1984 to 1990, Kasparov was a member of the Central Committee of Komsomol and a CPSU member.

Kasparov announced his retirement from professional chess on 10 March 2005, to devote his time to politics and writing. He formed the United Civil Front movement, and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration of Vladimir Putin. He was a candidate for the 2008 Russian presidential race, but later withdrew. Widely regarded in the West as a symbol of opposition to Putin, Kasparov's support in Russia is low.

In 2007, he was ranked 25th in The Daily Telegraph's list of 100 greatest living geniuses.

He coached Magnus Carlsen from March 2009 through March 2010.

As a teenager, Kasparov twice tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship, in 1980–81 and 1981–82. His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1982. He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament. At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Bobby Fischer, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage, he was already the #2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.

Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss).[18] Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi had defected from the Soviet Union in 1976, and was at that time the strongest active non-Soviet player. Various political maneuvers prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. This was resolved by Korchnoi allowing the match to be replayed in London, along with the previously scheduled match between Vasily Smyslov and Zoltan Ribli. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene. Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 7–4 (four wins, one loss).

In January 1984, Kasparov became the number-one ranked player in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. He became the youngest ever world number-one, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by his former pupil, Magnus Carlsen.

Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987.

The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 4–0 in a "first to six wins" match. Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games.

In a strange period, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions. He lost game 27, then fought back with another series of draws until game 32, his first-ever win against the World Champion. Another 15 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of Jose Raul Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927.

Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue. Announcing his decision at a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match.

The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result. Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them eventually came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.
The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title. The scores from the terminated match would not carry over. But in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defence. He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion, and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history.

As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kasparov opened a three-point lead and looked well on his way to a decisive match victory. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, Grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½.

A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger. This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest. Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game, and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title. A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending. Kasparov retained his title as the match was drawn by a score of 12–12. (All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–1987, a statistic unprecedented in chess. Matches organised by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.)

A fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Again, the result was a close one with Kasparov winning by a margin of 12½–11½. In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games.
With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began fighting against FIDE—as Bobby Fischer had done 20 years earlier but this time from within FIDE. Beginning in 1986, he created the Grandmasters Association (GMA), an organization to represent professional chess players and give them more say in FIDE's activities. Kasparov assumed a leadership role. GMA's major achievement was in organizing a series of six World Cup tournaments for the world's top players. A somewhat uneasy relationship developed with FIDE, and a sort of truce was brokered by Bessel Kok, a Dutch businessman.

This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defense: Nigel Short, a British Grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match, and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993. After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected,[20] the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA). This is where a great fracture in the lineage of World Champions began.

In an interview in 2007, Kasparov would call the break with FIDE the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run.

Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE, and played their well-sponsored match in London. Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12½–7½. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4. Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semifinalist), which Karpov won.

There were now two World Champions: PCA champion Kasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The title would remain split for 13 years.

Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in New York City. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws. It was the last World Championship to be held under the auspices of the PCA, which collapsed when Intel, one of its major backers, withdrew its sponsorship in retaliation for Kasparov's choice to play a 1996 match against Deep Blue, which augmented the profile of IBM, one of Intel's chief rivals.

Kasparov tried to organize another World Championship match, under another organization, the World Chess Association (WCA) with Linares organizer Luis Rentero. Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized, the WCA collapsed.

This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in—BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene. No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik.

During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach,[23] and developed an interest in the use of chess in education. In 1997, Kasparov supported a scholarship programme at the school.
The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the legendary Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia, and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand.

The better-prepared Kramnik won Game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6. Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as Black. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½, and for the first time in 15 years Kasparov had no world championship title. He became the first player to lose a world championship match without winning a game since Emanuel Lasker lost to Capablanca in 1921.

After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions. In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.

Kasparov and Karpov played a four game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City. Karpov surprised the experts and emerged victoriously, winning two games and drawing one.

Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world #1 in much of the public eye, he was included in the so-called "Prague Agreement", masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, winner of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates. These also fell through due to lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.
After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005, that he would retire from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship.

Kasparov said he may play in some rapid chess events for fun, but intends to spend more time on his books, including both the My Great Predecessors series (see below) and a work on the links between decision-making in chess and in other areas of life, and will continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he views as "headed down the wrong path".

Kasparov has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria, with whom he also has a child.

Succes 2011: Farah Pahlavi, the former Queen of Iran. The only Empress (Shahbanu) of modern Iran

Farah Pahlavi (Farah Diba; Persian: فرح دیبا Faraḥ Dība, Azerbaijani: فرح پهلوی) is the former Queen and Empress of Iran. She is the widow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, and only Empress (Shahbanu) of modern Iran. She was Queen consort of Iran from 1959 until 1967 and Empress consort from 1967 until exile in 1979.

Though the titles and distinctions of the Iranian Imperial Family were abolished by the Islamic government, she is sometimes styled Empress or Shahbanu, out of courtesy, by the foreign media as well as by supporters of the monarchy. It must also however be noted that some countries such as the United States of America, Denmark, Spain and Germany still address the former Empress as Her Imperial Majesty The Shahbanu of Iran in official documents, for example Royal wedding guest lists.
Empress Farah Pahlavi began her education at Tehran’s Italian School, then moved to the French Jeanne d'Arc School and later to the Lycee Razi. She was an accomplished athlete in her youth and became captain of her school's basketball team. Upon finishing her studies at the Lycee Razi, she pursued an interest in architecture at the École Spéciale d'Architecture in Paris, where she was a student of Albert Besson.

Many Iranian students who were studying abroad at this time were dependent on State sponsorship in order to do so. Therefore when the Shah, as head of state, made official visits to foreign countries, he would frequently meet with a selection of local Iranian students. It was during such a meeting in 1959 at the Iranian Embassy in Paris that Farah Diba was first presented to Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.

After returning to Tehran in the summer of 1959, the Shah and Farah Diba began a carefully choreographed courtship, orchestrated in part by the Shah’s daughter Princess Shahnaz. The couple announced their engagement on 23 November 1959.

Farah Diba married His Imperial Majesty Shah Mohammed Reza on 21 December 1959, aged 21. The young Queen of Iran (as she was styled at the time) was the object of much curiosity and her wedding garnered worldwide press attention. After the pomp and celebrations associated with the Royal wedding were completed, the success of this union became contingent upon the Queen’s ability to produce a male heir. Although he had been married twice before, the Shah’s previous marriages had given him only a daughter, who under agnatic primogeniture could not inherit the throne. The pressure for the young Queen was acute. The Shah himself was deeply anxious to have a male heir as were the members of his government. It was, furthermore, no secret that the dissolution of the Shah’s previous marriage to Queen Soraya had been due to her infertility.

The long-awaited heir, Reza Pahlavi, was born on 30 October 1960. Together the couple would go on to have four children.

The exact role which the new Queen would play if any, in public or government affairs, was uncertain. Within the Imperial Household, her public function was secondary to the far more pressing matter of assuring the succession. However, after the birth of the Crown Prince, the new Queen was free to devote more of her time to other activities and official pursuits.

Not unlike many other Royal consorts, the young Queen initially limited herself to a ceremonial role. She spent much of her time attending the openings of various education and health-care institutions, without venturing too deeply into issues of controversy. However, as time progressed, this position changed. The Queen became much more actively involved in government affairs where it concerned issues and causes that interested her. She used her proximity and influence with her husband, the Shah, to secure funding and focus attention on causes, particularly in the areas of women's rights and cultural development.

Eventually,the Queen came to preside over a staff of 40 workers who handled various requests for assistance on a range of issues. She became one of the most highly visible figures in the Imperial Government and the patron of 24 educational, health and cultural organizations. Her humanitarian role earned her immense popularity for a time, particularly in the early 1970s.[11] During this period, she travelled a great deal within Iran, visiting some of the remotest parts of the country and meeting with the local citizens.

The Imperial Government in Tehran was not unaware of her popularity. Her significance was exemplified by her part in the 1967 Coronation Ceremonies, where she was crowned as the first Shahbanu, or Empress, of modern Iran. It was again confirmed when the Shah named her as the official Empress Regent should he die or be incapacitated before the Crown Prince’s 21st birthday. The naming of a woman as Regent was highly unusual for a Middle-Eastern Monarchy.

In Iran by early 1978, a number of factors contributed to the internal dissatisfaction with the Imperial Government becoming more pronounced.

Discontent within the country continued to escalate and later in the year led to demonstrations against the monarchy. The Empress could not help but be aware of the disturbances and records in her memoirs that during this time ‘there was an increasingly palpable sense of unease’. Under these circumstances most of the Empress’ official activities were cancelled due to concerns for her safety.

As the year came to a close, the political situation deteriorated further. Riots and unrest grew more frequent, culminating in January 1979. The government enacted martial law in most major Iranian cities and the country was on the verge of an open revolution.

It was at this time, in response to the violent protests, that the Shah and Empress Farah determined (or were obliged by the circumstances) to leave the country. Both the Shah and Shahbanu departed Iran via aircraft on 16 January 1979.
The question of where the Shah and Empress would go upon leaving Iran was the subject of some debate, even among the monarch and his advisers.[17] During his reign, the Shah had maintained close relations with Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and the Empress had developed a close friendship with the President’s wife, Jehan Al Sadat. The Egyptian President extended an invitation to the Imperial Couple for asylum in Egypt and they accepted.

Due to the political situation unfolding in Iran, many governments, including those which had been on friendly terms with the Iranian Monarchy prior to the revolution, saw the Shah’s presence within their borders as a liability. Although a callous reversal, this was not entirely unfounded as the Revolutionary Government in Iran had ordered the arrest (and later death) of both the Shah and Empress Farah. The new Islamic dictatorship backed by the Muslim Brotherhood would go on to vehemently demand their extradition a number of times but the extent to which it would act in pressuring foreign powers for the deposed monarch's return (and presumably that of the Empress) was at that time unknown. Regardless, the predicament was complex.

The Shah and Empress were far from unaware of this complexity and cognizant of the potential danger which their presence exposed their host. In response, the Imperial Couple left Egypt, beginning a fourteen-month long search for permanent asylum and a journey which took them through many different countries. After Egypt, they first traveled to Morocco, where they were briefly the guests of King Hassan II.

After leaving Morocco, the Shah and Empress were granted temporary refuge in the Bahamas and given use of a small beach property located on Paradise Island. Ironically, Empress Farah recalls the time spent at this pleasantly named location as some of the ‘darkest days in her life’.[9] After their Bahaman visas expired and were not renewed, they made an appeal to Mexico, which was granted, and rented a villa in Cuernavaca near Mexico City.

After the Shah’s death, the exiled Empress remained in Egypt for nearly two years. President Sadat gave her and her family use of Koubbeh Palace in Cairo. A few months after President Sadat’s assassination in October 1981, the Empress and her family left Egypt. President Ronald Reagan informed the Empress that she was welcome in the United States.

She first settled in Williamstown, Massachusetts but later bought a home in Greenwich, Connecticut. After the death of her daughter Princess Leila in 2001, she purchased a smaller home in Potomac, Maryland, near Washington, D.C., to be closer to her son and grandchildren. Empress Farah now divides her time between Washington D.C and Paris. The Empress currently has three grandchildren (granddaughters) through her son Reza and his wife Yasmine.