Harry Houdini (născut Ehrich Weisz; 24 martie 1874 – 31 octombrie 1926) a fost un magician, actor și producător de film. Iluzionistul Harry Houdini, nascut pe data de 24 martie 1874, la Budapesta, a fost una dintre figurile legendare ale magiei. Numele lui era asociat intotdeauna cu intamplari iesite din comun, eliberari spectaculoase si cascadorii care sfidau moartea. Chiar daca Houdini a murit acum 81 de ani, oamenii isi mai amintesc de el atunci cand sunt intrebati numele unui faimos magician.
Houdini a petrecut ani intregi invatand cum functioneaza mecanismele lacatelor si catuselor, pana a ajuns unul dintre cei mai mari experti din lume in domeniu. Maestru in deschiderea dispozitivelor de securitate de orice tip, avea talentul de a-si prezenta numerele de iluzionism intr-o maniera unica. Aducea carisma si magnetism spectacolelor sale, hipnotizand audienta care ajungea sa creada in miracole.
Magicianul, al carui nume real era Erik Weisz, s-a nascut in Ungaria si era de origine evreu. A plecat in Statele Unite impreuna cu familia la varsta de patru ani, principalele motive ale plecarii raman incerte, dar se banuieste ca antisemitismul a stat la baza acestei decizii. Tatal lui Houdini a acceptat un post de rabin in Appleton, Wisconsin, unde a gasit o comunitate de unguri. Din nefericire insa, era foarte conservator, neputandu-se adapta ideilor liberale americane. De aceea, a fost nevoit sa plece. S-a mutat mai intai in Milwaukee si apoi la New York.
Familia avea tot timpul nevoie de bani, asa ca tanarul Eric a acceptat tot felul de slujbe ciudate pentru a o ajuta. A plecat de acasa la 12 ani sa-si caute norocul, dar dupa nici doi ani s-a intors la New York, unde familia lui inca mai locuia.
La 17 ani a fost captivat de memoriile marelui magician francez Jean Eugene Robert-Houdin si nu este de mirare ca a fost atras in lumea stralucitoare a spoectacolului si magiei, unde a gasit faima si bani. A fost atat de impresionat de viata lui Houdin incat, atunci cand i s-a cerut un nume de scena, pur si simplu a mai adaugat un "i" la numele acestuia, devenind Houdini.
Initial, Houdini se specializase pe trucurile cu carti de joc. La un moment dat, el chiar se autointitulase "Regele Cartilor", insa adevarata faima a castigat-o dupa ce a inceput sa apara pe scena cu numere din ce in ce mai bizare si mai incitante. In 1895, cautand ceva diferit fata de ceilalti artisti, el s-a gandit sa provoace politistii unei sectii, sustinand ca poate scapa de catuse si din celula. In anii 1898-1899, in primul rand datorita acestor evadari spectaculoase, a inceput sa fie cunoscut si apreciat, au aparut angajamente mai bune. Unul dintre numerele cu care a ramas in legenda este cel in care, pe hipodromul din Londra, a reusit sa faca sa "dispara" un elefant impreuna cu dresorul sau. In acea perioada o cunoaste pe Wilhelminia Beatrice Rahner - "Bess", cu care se casatoreste pe data de 22 iunie 1895. Mariajul celor doi a insemnat unirea a doua familii rigide, una catolica si cealalta evreiasca. Dar cei doi au invins prejudecatile. La inceputul anului 1900 plecat in turneu in Europa, alaturi de sotia lui, unde a continuat sa puna la cale trucuri de iluzionism prin care insela moartea. Cu timpul, datorita publicitatii, au venit angajamente din Franta, Olanda, Germania si Rusia. El si Bess au petrecut urmatorii cinci ani bucurandu-se de succesul european. Pe masura ce faima ii crestea, Houdini depasea toate recordurile de audienta in fiecare oras, devenind cel mai bine platit artist pe continent si in insulele britanice. In 1920, dupa decesul mamei sale, Houdini si-a canalizat intreaga energie in incercarea sa de a demasca falsii clarvazatori sau mediumi. Vasta sa experienta in ceea ce priveste numerele de magie i-a permis sa demaste multi escroci care reusisera sa pacaleasca pana atunci oameni de stiinta si cercetatori renumiti. Mai mult decat atat, el a fost un membru al comitetului American Stiintific care oferea un premiu in bani oricarui medium care isi putea demonstra clar abilitatile paranormale.
Pana la moartea sa, comitetul nu daduse nici un premiu. Pe masura ce faima sa de "vanator de fantome" crestea, el chiar incepuse sa se deghizeze si sa participe la sedinte de spiritism, impreuna cu un reporter si cu un ofiter de politie. Probabil ca cel mai faimos medium pe care l-a demascat a fost Mina Crandon, din Boston, care era cunoscuta ca "Margery". Aceste activitati l-au costat pe Houdini prietenia sa cu Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creatorul lui Sherlock Holmes. Doyle credea cu tarie in spiritism, desi Houdini insista asupra ideii ca mediile spiritiste se folosesc de anumite trucuri.
Acesta a fost convins ca Houdini insusi poseda puteri supranaturale, o parere exprimata in cartea sa Granita necunoscutului. Se pare ca Houdini nu a reusit sa-l convinga ca folosea doar elemente de scamatorie, in fata un public insuficient de antrenat ca sa-si dea seama ca era tras pe sfoara.Din aceasta cauza, din prieteni, cei doi au ajuns sa fie adversari in mod public. Halloween - o data magica pentru caderea cortinei in cazul lui Houdini Pe 22 octombrie 1926, in timpul unui spectacol la Princess Theater din Montreal, un student de colegiu, J. Gordon Whitehead, a cerut permisiunea de a testa duritatea muschilor abdominali ai maestrului si l-a lovit. Acesta era un moment obisnuit al spectacolului, asa ca magicianul a ignorat durerile abdominale care l-au cuprins pentru ca nu avusese timp sa contracte muschii inainte de lovitura, continuand reprezentatia. Ajuns la Detroit a doua zi, a fost diagnosticat cu apendicita acuta, dar a insistat sa continue spectacolele.
Ultima aparitie pe scena a lui Houdini a fost la teatrul Garrick din Detroit, Michigan la data de 24 octombrie. Urmatoarea zi, el a fost dus de urgenta la Spitalul Grace din cauza temperaturii ridicat, unde i-a fost extirpat apendicele cangrenat, insa peritonita deja se instalase. Houdini a murit de peritonită, în urma unei rupturi de apendice. Evenimentul care a dus la moarte, se crede a fi o reprezentație la universitatea McGill, unde un student, J. Gordon Whitehead, l-a întrebat pe Houdini dacă poate suporta să fie lovit în abdomen fără a simți nici o durere. Primind răspuns afirmativ, acesta l-a lovit de repetate ori pe magician, cauzându-i ruptura de apendice. Cum Houdini suferea de apendicită de câtva timp, el a refuzat tratamentul medical, continuând să călătorească. Harry Houdini moare la spitalul Detroit's Grace, la ora 1:26 pm, în camera 401, pe 31 octombrie 1926, în vârstă de 52 de ani. Houdini a murit de Halloween, pe data de 31 octombrie 1926, la varsta de 52 de ani. Trupul neinsufletit a fost dus la New York. Servicul religios a avut loc in sala de festivitati a Lojii Elks, din W. 43rd Street., la care au asistat peste 2000 de persoane. Houdini a fost elogiat de rabini, apoi a avut loc o ceremonie de rupere a baghetei, oficiata de Societatea Magicienilor Americani. Inmormantarea a avut loc la cimitirul Machpelah din Brooklyn, un loc pe care Houdini insusi il alesese. Sedinte de spiritism pentru Houdini Inainte de moartea sa, Houdini a spus ca ii va trimite sotiei sale un mesaj din lumea de dincolo, daca va fi posibil. In fiecare an, de Halloween, sotia sa organiza sedinte de spiritism, dar sotul ei nu a aparut niciodata. Dupa zece ani, in 1936, dupa o ultima incercare de a a lua legatura cu sotul ei defunct, ea a stins lumanarea pe care o tinea aprinsa inca de la moartea acestuia, spunand ca "am asteptat destul. Zece ani sunt o perioada de timp suficienta pentru a astepta un barbat". In orice caz, traditia a ramas, si chiar si in prezent, de Halloween, se organizeaza sedinte de spiritism pentru Houdini, tinute de Sidney H. Radner, un magician care poseda cea mai mare colectie de obiecte care i-ar fi apartinut lui Houdini.
Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-born American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer noted for his sensational escape acts. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena.
Harry Houdini was born as Erik Weisz (he later spelled his birth name as Ehrich Weiss) in Budapest, Hungary, on March 24, 1874. From 1907 on, however, Houdini would claim in interviews to have been born in Appleton, Wisconsin, on April 6, 1874.
His parents were Rabbi Mayer Samuel Weiss (1829–1892) and his wife, Cecelia (née Steiner; 1841–1913). Houdini was one of seven children: Herman M. (1863–1885); Nathan J. (1870–1927); Gottfried William (1872–1925); Theodore "Theo" (1876–1945); Leopold D. (1879–1962); and Gladys Carrie (born 1882–unknown year of death).
Weiss came to the United States on July 3, 1878, sailing on the SS Fresia with his mother (who was pregnant) and his four brothers. The family changed the Hungarian spelling of their German surname into Weiss (the German spelling) and the spelling of their son's name into Ehrich. Friends called him "Ehrie" or "Harry".
They first lived in Appleton, Wisconsin, where his father served as Rabbi of the Zion Reform Jewish Congregation. According to the 1880 census, the family lived on Appleton Street.On June 6, 1882, Rabbi Weiss became an American citizen. Losing his tenure at Zion in 1887, Rabbi Weiss moved with Ehrich to New York City. They lived in a boarding house on East 79th Street. They were joined by the rest of the family once Rabbi Weiss found permanent housing. As a child, Ehrich Weiss took several jobs, making his public début as a 9-year-old trapeze artist, calling himself "Ehrich, the Prince of the Air". He was also a champion cross country runner in his youth. Weiss became a professional magician and began calling himself "Harry Houdini" because he was heavily influenced by the French magician Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, and his friend Jack Hayman told him, erroneously, that in French, adding an "i" to Houdin would mean "like Houdin" the great magician. In later life, Houdini would claim that the first part of his new name, Harry, was a homage to Harry Kellar, whom Houdini admired.
Houdini began his magic career in 1891. At the outset, he had little success. He performed in dime museums and sideshows, and even doubled as "The Wild Man" at a circus. Houdini focused initially on traditional card tricks. At one point, he billed himself as the "King of Cards". But he soon began experimenting with escape acts.
In 1893, while performing with his brother "Dash" at Coney Island as "The Houdini Brothers", Harry met fellow performer Wilhelmina Beatrice (Bess) Rahner, whom he married. Bess replaced Dash in the act, which became known as "The Houdinis." For the rest of Houdini's performing career, Bess would work as his stage assistant.
Houdini's "big break" came in 1899 when he met manager Martin Beck in rural Woodstock, Illinois. Impressed by Houdini's handcuffs act, Beck advised him to concentrate on escape acts and booked him on the Orpheum vaudeville circuit. Within months, he was performing at the top vaudeville houses in the country. In 1900, Beck arranged for Houdini to tour Europe. After some days of unsuccessful interviews in London, Houdini managed to interest Dundas Slater, then manager of the Alhambra Theatre. He gave a demonstration of escape from handcuffs at Scotland Yard, and succeeded in baffling the police so effectively that he was booked at the Alhambra for six months.
Houdini became widely known as "The Handcuff King." He toured England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Russia. In each city, Houdini would challenge local police to restrain him with shackles and lock him in their jails. In many of these challenge escapes, Houdini would first be stripped nude and searched. In Moscow, Houdini escaped from a Siberian prison transport van. Houdini claimed that, had he been unable to free himself, he would have had to travel to Siberia, where the only key was kept. In Cologne, he sued a police officer, Werner Graff, who alleged that he made his escapes via bribery. Houdini won the case when he opened the judge's safe (he would later say the judge had forgotten to lock it). With his new-found wealth and success, Houdini purchased a dress said to have been made for Queen Victoria. He then arranged a grand reception where he presented his mother in the dress to all their relatives. Houdini said it was the happiest day of his life. In 1904, Houdini returned to the U.S. and purchased a house for $25,000, a brownstone at 278 W. 113th Street in Harlem, New York City.
From 1907 and throughout the 1910s, Houdini performed with great success in the United States. He would free himself from jails, handcuffs, chains, ropes, and straitjackets, often while hanging from a rope in plain sight of street audiences. Because of imitators, on January 25, 1908, Houdini put his "handcuff act" behind him and began escaping from a locked, water-filled milk can. The possibility of failure and death thrilled his audiences. Houdini also expanded repertoire with his escape challenge act, in which he invited the public to devise contraptions to hold him. These included nailed packing crates (sometimes lowered into water), riveted boilers, wet-sheets, mailbags, and even the belly of a Whale that had washed ashore in Boston. Brewers challenged Houdini to escape from his milk can after they filled it with beer.
Many of these challenges were pre-arranged with local merchants in what is certainly one of the first uses of mass tie-in marketing. Rather than promote the idea that he was assisted by spirits, as did the Davenport Brothers and others, Houdini's advertisements showed him making his escapes via dematerializing, although Houdini himself never claimed to have supernatural powers.
In 1912, Houdini introduced perhaps his most famous act, the Chinese Water Torture Cell, in which he was suspended upside-down in a locked glass-and-steel cabinet full to overflowing with water. The act required that Houdini hold his breath for more than three minutes. Houdini performed the escape for the rest of his career. Despite two Hollywood movies depicting Houdini dying in the Torture Cell, the act had nothing to do with his death. Throughout his career, Houdini explained some of his tricks in books written for the magic brotherhood. In Handcuff Secrets (1909), he revealed how many locks and handcuffs could be opened with properly applied force, others with shoestring. Other times, he carried concealed lockpicks or keys, being able to regurgitate small keys at will. When tied down in ropes or straitjackets, he gained wiggle room by enlarging his shoulders and chest, moving his arms slightly away from his body, and then dislocating his shoulders.
His straitjacket escape was originally performed behind curtains, with him popping out free at the end. However, Houdini's brother, (who was also an escape artist, billing himself as Theodore Hardeen), discovered that audiences were more impressed when the curtains were eliminated so they could watch him struggle to get out. On more than one occasion, they both performed straitjacket escapes whilst dangling upside-down from the roof of a building for publicity.
In 1904, the London Daily Mirror newspaper challenged Houdini to escape from a special handcuff that it claimed had taken Nathaniel Hart, a locksmith from Birmingham, seven years to make. Houdini accepted the challenge for March 17 during a matinée performance at London's Hippodrome theater. It was reported that 4000 people and more than 100 journalists turned out for the much-hyped event. The escape attempt dragged on for over an hour, during which Houdini emerged from his "ghost house" (a small screen used to conceal the method of his escape) several times. On one occasion, he asked if the cuff could be removed so he could take off his coat. The Mirror representative, Frank Parker, refused, saying Houdini could gain an advantage if he saw how the cuff was unlocked. Houdini promptly took out a pen-knife and, holding the knife in his teeth, used it to cut his coat from his body. Some 56 minutes later, Houdini's wife appeared on stage and gave him a kiss. It is believed that in her mouth was the key to unlock the special handcuff. Houdini then went back behind the curtain. After an hour and ten minutes, Houdini emerged free. As he was paraded on the shoulders of the cheering crowd, he broke down and wept. Houdini later said it was the most difficult escape of his career.
After Houdini's death, his friend, Martin Beck, published in his book, Sensational Tales of Mystery Men, in which he said that Houdini was bested that day and had appealed to his wife, Bess, for help. Goldstone goes on to claim that Bess begged the key from the Mirror representative, then slipped it to Houdini in a glass of water. However, it was stated in the book "The Secret Life of Houdini" that the key required to open the specially designed Mirror handcuffs was 6" long, and thus could not have been smuggled to Houdini in a glass of water. Goldstone offered no proof of his account, and many modern biographers have found evidence (notably in the custom design of the handcuff itself) that the entire Mirror challenge was pre-arranged by Houdini and the newspaper, and that his long struggle to escape was pure showmanship. In support of this, it has been reported that the sterling silver replica of the Mirror cuffs presented to Houdini in honor of his escape was actually made the year before the escape actually took place (again from "The Secret Life of Houdini").
Harry Houdini died of peritonitis, secondary to a ruptured appendix. Eyewitnesses to an incident in Montreal gave rise to speculation that Houdini's death was caused by a McGill University student, J. Gordon Whitehead, who delivered multiple blows to Houdini's abdomen to test Houdini's claim that he was able to take any blow to the body above the waist without injury.
The eyewitnesses, students named Jacques Price and Sam Smilovitz (sometimes called Jack Price and Sam Smiley), proffered accounts of the incident that generally corroborated one another. The following is Price's description of events:
Houdini was reclining on his couch after his performance, having an art student sketch him. When Whitehead came in and asked if it was true that Houdini could take any blow to the stomach, Houdini replied groggily in the affirmative. In this instance, he was hit three times before Houdini could tighten up his stomach muscles to avoid serious injury. Whitehead reportedly continued hitting Houdini several more times and Houdini acted as though he were in some pain.
Houdini reportedly stated that if he had time to prepare himself properly he would have been in a better position to take the blows. He had apparently been suffering from appendicitis for several days prior and yet refused medical treatment. His appendix would likely have burst on its own without the trauma. Although in serious pain, Houdini continued to travel without seeking medical attention.
When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in Detroit, Michigan on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of 104 °F (40 °C). Despite a diagnosis of acute appendicitis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit's Grace Hospital.
Houdini died of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix at 1:26 p.m. in Room 401 on October 31, aged 52.
After taking statements from Price and Smilovitz, Houdini's insurance company concluded that the death was due to the dressing-room incident and paid double indemnity.
