Sir David Frederick Attenborough,
OM CH CVO CBE FRS FZS FSA (born 8 May 1926)
is an English
broadcaster and
naturalist.
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His career as the face and voice of
natural history programmes has endured for 60 years. He is best known for writing and presenting the nine
Life series, in conjunction with the
BBC Natural History Unit, which collectively form a comprehensive survey of all life on the planet. He is also a former senior manager at the
BBC, having served as controller of
BBC Two and
director of programming for BBC Television in the 1960s and 1970s. He is the only person to have won a
BAFTA in black and white, colour, HD and 3D.
Attenborough is widely considered a
national treasure in Britain, although he himself does not like the term.
In 2002 he was named among the
100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.
He is a younger brother of the director, producer and actor
Richard Attenborough.
Attenborough was born in
Isleworth, west London, but grew up in College House on the campus of the
University College, Leicester, where his father,
Frederick, was
principal.
He is the middle of three sons (his elder brother,
Richard, became an actor and his younger brother,
John, an executive at Italian car manufacturer
Alfa Romeo).
During
World War II, through a British government initiative known as
Kindertransport, his parents also fostered two
Jewish refugee girls from Europe.
Attenborough spent his childhood collecting
fossils,
stones and other natural specimens. He received encouragement in this pursuit at age seven, when a young
Jacquetta Hawkes admired his "museum." A few years later, one of his adoptive sisters gave him a piece of
amber filled with prehistoric creatures; some 50 years later, it would be the focus of his programme
The Amber Time Machine.
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Attenborough was educated at
Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys in
Leicester and then won a scholarship to
Clare College of
Cambridge University in 1945, where he studied geology and zoology and obtained a degree in
natural sciences.
In 1947 he was called up for
national service in the
Royal Navy and spent two years stationed in
North Wales and the
Firth of Forth.
In 1950 Attenborough married Jane Elizabeth Ebsworth Oriel; the
marriage lasted until her death in 1997. The couple had two children,
Robert and Susan.
Robert is a senior lecturer in
bioanthropology for the School of Archaeology and Anthropology at the
Australian National University in
Canberra.
After leaving the Navy, Attenborough took a position editing
children's science textbooks for a publishing company. He soon became
disillusioned with the work and in 1950 applied for a job as a radio
talk producer with the
BBC. Although he was rejected for this job, his
CV later attracted the interest of
Mary Adams,
head of the Talks (factual broadcasting) department of the BBC's
fledgling television service. Attenborough, like most Britons at that
time, did not own a television, and he had seen only one programme in
his life.
However, he accepted Adams' offer of a three-month training course, and
in 1952 he joined the BBC full-time. Initially discouraged from
appearing on camera because Adams thought his teeth were too big,
he became a producer for the Talks department, which handled all
non-fiction broadcasts. His early projects included the quiz show
Animal, Vegetable, Mineral? and
Song Hunter, a series about
folk music presented by
Alan Lomax.
Attenborough's association with natural history programmes began when he produced and presented the three-part series
The Pattern of Animals. The studio-bound programme featured animals from
London Zoo, with the naturalist
Julian Huxley discussing their use of
camouflage,
aposematism
and courtship displays. Through this programme, Attenborough met Jack
Lester, the curator of the zoo's reptile house, and they decided to make
a series about an animal-collecting expedition. The result was
Zoo Quest, first broadcast in 1954, where Attenborough became the presenter at short notice due to Lester being taken ill.
In 1957 the
BBC Natural History Unit was formally established in
Bristol.
Attenborough was asked to join it, but declined, not wishing to move
from London where he and his young family were settled. Instead, he
formed his own department, the Travel and Exploration Unit,
which allowed him to continue to front
Zoo Quest as well as produce other documentaries, notably the
Travellers' Tales and
Adventure series.
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In the early 1960s, Attenborough resigned from the permanent staff of the BBC to study for a
postgraduate degree in
social anthropology at the
London School of Economics, interweaving his study with further filming.
However, he accepted an invitation to return to the BBC as controller of
BBC Two before he could finish the degree.
Beginning with
Life on Earth
in 1979, Attenborough set about creating a body of work which became a
benchmark of quality in wildlife film-making and influenced a generation
of documentary film-makers. The series also established many of the
hallmarks of the BBC's natural history output. By treating his subject
seriously and researching the latest discoveries, Attenborough and his
production team gained the trust of the scientific community, who
responded by allowing him to feature their subjects in his programmes.
In
Rwanda, for example, Attenborough and his crew were granted privileged access to film
Dian Fossey's research group of
mountain gorillas. Innovation was another factor in
Life on Earth's
success: new film-making techniques were devised to get the shots
Attenborough wanted, with a focus on events and animals that were
hitherto unfilmed. Computerised airline schedules, which had only
recently been introduced, enabled the series to be elaborately devised
so that Attenborough visited several locations around the globe in each
episode, sometimes even changing continents mid-sentence. Although
appearing as the on-screen presenter, he consciously restricted his
pieces to camera to give his subjects top billing.
The success of
Life on Earth prompted the BBC to consider a follow-up, and five years later,
The Living Planet
was screened. This time, Attenborough built his series around the theme
of ecology, the adaptations of living things to their environment. It
was another critical and commercial success, generating huge
international sales for the BBC. In 1990
The Trials of Life completed the original Life trilogy, looking at
animal behaviour through the different stages of life. The series drew strong reactions from the viewing public for its sequences of
killer whales hunting sea lions on a Patagonian beach and
chimpanzees hunting and violently killing a
colobus monkey.
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In the 1990s, Attenborough continued to use the "Life" moniker for a succession of authored documentaries. In 1993 he presented
Life in the Freezer,
the first television series to survey the natural history of
Antarctica. Although past normal retirement age, he then embarked on a
number of more specialised surveys of the natural world, beginning with
plants. They proved a difficult subject for his producers, who had to
deliver five hours of television featuring what are essentially immobile
objects. The result,
The Private Life of Plants (1995), showed plants as dynamic organisms by using
time-lapse photography to speed up their growth.
Prompted by an enthusiastic
ornithologist
at the BBC Natural History Unit, Attenborough then turned his attention
to the animal kingdom and in particular, birds. As he was neither an
obsessive
twitcher, nor a bird expert, he decided he was better qualified to make
The Life of Birds
(1998) on the theme of behaviour. The order of the remaining "Life"
series was dictated by developments in camera technology. For
The Life of Mammals (2002),
low-light and
infrared cameras were deployed to reveal the behaviour of
nocturnal mammals. The series contains a number of memorable
two shots of Attenborough and his subjects, which included chimpanzees, a
blue whale and a
grizzly bear. Advances in
macro photography made it possible to capture natural behaviour of very small creatures for the first time, and in 2005,
Life in the Undergrowth introduced audiences to the world of
invertebrates.
Attenborough was named as the most trusted celebrity in Britain in a 2006
Reader's Digest poll,.
and the following year he won
The Culture Show's Living Icon Award.
He has also been named among the 100 Greatest Britons in a 2002 BBC
poll and is one of the top ten "Heroes of Our Time" according to
New Statesman magazine